Who Were the Etruscans (Tyrrhenians)

The Etruscans, people from the Etrurian region of the Italian peninsula, were known as the Tyrrhenians to the Greeks. They were at their height in Italy from the 8th to the 5th century BCE, and they were rivals and to a degree precursors to the Greeks. Their language was not Indo-European, like Greek and other Mediterranean languages were, and they had other characteristics that led the Greeks to much speculation about where they originated. Etruria was located in what is modern Tuscany, in the area bounded by the Tiber and Arno rivers, the Apennines and the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Etruscan economy was based on agriculture, trade (especially with the Greeks and Carthage), and mineral resources. Origins of the Etruscans Herodotus (mid-5th century CE) believed that the Etruscans came from Lydia, in Asia Minor, as the result of a famine around 1200 BCE, just as the Irish came to the U.S. as a result of a potato famine in the 19th century. The name of the Etruscans, which was Tyrrhenian  or Tyrsenian, according to the Greeks, came from the leader of the Lydian à ©migrà ©s, King Tyrsenos. The Hellenistic scholar Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 30 BCE) quotes an earlier historian, Hellanicus (contemporary of Herodotus), who objected to the Lydian origin theory on the basis of differences between Lydian and Etruscan languages and institutions. For Hellanicus, the Etruscans were Pelasgians from the Aegean. A stele from Lemnos, an island in the Aegean, shows writing that appears similar to Etruscan, a language that remains a puzzle for historical linguists. Dionysius own opinion on the Etruscans origins is that they were home-grown residents of Italy. He also says the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna. Modern Theories Twenty-first century scholars have access to archaeology and DNA, and one 2007 study suggested that at least some of the Etruscan ancestors came into Italy during the late Bronze Age, ca. 12th–10th century BCE, along with domesticated cows. Combined with the Greek histories, there are still three current origin theories: they migrated as a group from an Eastern Mediterranean province, perhaps Lydia in Asia Minor;they migrated from over the Alps from the north, in the region known as the Rhaetians; orthey evolved locally as descendants from the Pelasgians, but had some eastern cultural contacts and an influx of population. Etruscans and Early Rome Successors of the early Iron Age Villanovans (900–700 BCE), Etruscans built such cities as Tarquinii, Vulci, Caere, and Veii. Each autonomous city, originally ruled by a powerful, wealthy king, had a sacred boundary or pomerium. Etruscan homes were mud-brick, with timber on stone foundations, some with upper stories. In southern Etruria, the bodies of the dead were buried, but in the north, the Etruscans cremated their dead. Much evidence about the early inhabitants of Italy comes from Etruscan funereal remains. The Etruscans exerted a heavy influence on early Rome, contributing to the line of Roman kings with the Tarquins. The possible, but debated dominance of the Etruscans ended with the Roman sack of Veii, in 396 BCE. The final stage in the Roman conquest of the Etruscans was when the Volsinii were destroyed in 264 BCE, although the Etruscans maintained their own language until about the first century BCE. By the first century CE the language was already a concern for scholars, like Emperor Claudius. Sources Cornell, T. J. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC). London: Routledge, 1995.  Pellecchia, Marco, et al. The Mystery of Etruscan Origins: Novel Clues from . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274.1614 (2007): 1175–79. Bos taurus Mitochondrial DNAPerkins, Philip. DNA and Etruscan Identity. Etruscology. Ed. Naso, Alessandro. Vol. 1. Boston MA: Walter de DeGruyter Inc., 2017. 109–20. Torelli, Mario. History: Land and People. In Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies. (ed) Ulf, Christoph. An Ancient Question: The Origin of the Etruscans. Etruscology. Ed. Naso, Alessandro. Vol. 1. Boston MA: Walter de DeGruyter Inc., 2017. 11–34. Villin, E. Prof. G. Nicoluccis Anthropology of Etruria. The Journal of Anthropology 1.1 (1870): 79-89.

Feminist Analysis The Field Of Feminism - 1818 Words

Natalie Gonzalez Mrs. Kehrmeyer AP English Per.1 7 November 2015 Feminist â€Å"Feminist analysis draws on and also has influenced every other literary theory: its applications intersect with gender and class, sexuality, race, ethnicity, psychology literary form and post-structuralist.†(Donald Hall (199)). The field of feminism is a contestable that nature captures the dynamism and excitement of recent development in theory as a cultural and critical phenomenon. For over years women have been aiming to establish equal rights and legal protection against patriacarial abuse. In the early 19th centuries, women’s movement was growing criticism about the predominance of white, western heterosexual women and their concerns as they affected women’s history. Feminist argued that the power relationship between men and women is just as important as that between social classes. The feminist movements are still going on until this day and are still working on many changes ev en though they have brought many women’s working at many jobs, professions and giving many women chances to play sports in the Olympics men still fight against women because they want oppression in a household or anywhere. In the â€Å"Yellow wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and The Awakening by Kate Chopin, they show how women are put in a state of mind because of men and then realize that there something better in life other than pleasing the husbands. In the short story â€Å"Of an Hour† by Kite Chopin, it reveals how whenShow MoreRelatedThe Exploration Of Feminist Theory Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory focused on is the exploration of feminist theory developed by Mary Wollstonecraft in the 1790’s. The traditional interpretation of this theory is based on the common ideology of feminism within the Communication world. 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Cognitive Term of Behaviour Free Essays

Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behavior. Evaluate two relevant studies. One of the most famous case studies of amnesia in the history is HM who was suffering from epileptic seizures and had a surgery when he was only nine years old that removed 2/3 of his hippocampus, medial temporal lobes, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Term of Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now The operation was successful in its primary goal of controlling his epilespsy but as a result of the operation he suffered from severe anterograde amnesia. After the operation, he could not commit new events to long-term memory. He could remember events from before the operation for the rest of his life. His working memory and procedural memory were intact. After the operation, he could continue to complete tasks that require recall from the short-term memory and that involved procedural memory but could not make use of long-term episodic memory after the operation. After the operation, he lost his declarative memory (semantic and episodic). Because of the removal of these parts of brain, he might face these problems. One that might be he couldn’t encode the information or he could do that but he couldn’t retrieve it or he could do them but could not store them in his memory. Clive Wearing had brain infection -herpes encephalitic- affecting the parts that are concentrated on memory. MRI scanning shows damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions. His ability to perceive what he saw and heard was unimpaired. But he did not seem to be able to retain any impression of anything for more than a few blink. In he did blink, his eyelids parted to reveal a new scene. In Clive’s case, the virus damaged his brain. It damaged the hippocampus, which play a major role in the handling of long-term memory formation. Additionally he sustained marginal damage to the temporal and frontal lobes. The former houses the amygdala, a component implicated in the control of emotions and associated memories. Clive developed a profound case of total amnesia as a result of his illness. Because the part of the brain required to transfer memories from the working to the long term area in damaged. He is unable to encode new memories. He only remembers a little part of his life before. He still knows how to play piano, which is because his cerebellum responsible for the maintenance of procedural is not damaged. The fact that he could no longer remember anything and was not aware, tells us that the hippocampus and the temporal and frontal lobes are the bits responsible for LTM’s and STM’s formation and recall. In both cases, the hippocampus was damaged, and so they both had problems with their long-term memory. In HM’s case only two thirds of the hippocampus was removed while in Clive’s case most of it was destroyed. As a result both had very severe amnesia and because of that we can conclude that hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for forming/retrieving or storing the LTM. This is an example of the link between cognition and physiology of the brain. However, certain exceptions make this theory a lot more complex. For example HM had remembered JFK’s assassination and both could still learn new skills. In Clive’s case, the fact that he could still emotionally remember his wife does not fit into the former explanation. However, the researches that were done consistently for these two people are reliable, giving us the opportunity to generalize such hypothesis on the cognitive part of the brain. For example, Brenda Milner, who studied HM following his surgery till his death, is a very well-known researcher and in her reports she has clearly mentioned HM’s past and present conditions. Since she is known and experienced, her reports are likely to be true and not exaggerated. And because of that we believe it to be dependable and creditable as well as following a data triangulation. Milner hasn’t had any brain illnesses in her life, so we can easily decide that her research was in no way influence by her own disabilities. On the other hand she has not checked and re-checked her research results, trying to find fault in them, since HM’s case is a very unique case in the world. And the fact that HM was old at the time when most of her research were conducted, we could argue that his memory loss was due to old age. Another fault in her research is its inaccuracies, an example of such inaccuracy is when HM remembered John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Based on these findings we can assume that her research is strong enough for us to be able to generalize its effects. That is why recently, scientists associate hippocampus and amygdala with memory formation and storage. How to cite Cognitive Term of Behaviour, Papers